An estimated 4,140 people were counted sleeping on New York City streets and subways during a federally-mandated annual survey, the highest number of unsheltered homeless people tallied in more than a decade.

The number of unsheltered homeless people counted this year during the HOPE count (Homeless Outreach Population Estimate) was up slightly from last year, when 4,042 people were counted, though each year advocates caution the figure is a rough estimate — and likely far less than the actual number of people living on the streets.

This year, teams of volunteers and city workers fanned out on Jan. 23, at a time when the city’s long-standing streets and subways, according to an internal city survey. 

Department of Social Services Commissioner Molly Park, who oversees the annual count, pointed to the city’s ability to hold the line, with just a two percent increase in street homelessness, at a time when the number of people living in shelters had soared to unprecedented heights. 

“I think it’s really a reflection of the hard work that has been happening to make sure that we are doing consistent 24/7 outreach, that we have a continuum of services that we can offer people,” Park said, adding the istration had placed 2,000 people living on the streets into permanent housing over the past two years, including 500 who had been living on the subways.

But Natalie Druce, a staff attorney at the housing advocacy group Safety Net Project, said she thought the HOPE count figures showed certain Adams istration policies – like persistent encampment sweeps or hospitalizing homeless people against their will – weren’t working. 

“The various policies that effectively criminalize street homelessness, it demonstrates from our perspective this doesn't cause people to move out of street homelessness,” she said. “If anything it’s increased the street homeless population, the numbers demonstrate that.”

Shelter Beacon

City officials also pointed out that compared to other major U.S. cities, a relatively low proportion of New York City’s homeless population live outdoors. In Los Angeles last year 52,000 of 72,000 homeless people were living outdoors (72%), whereas the unsheltered homeless in New York City is around 5% of the 124,000 who are unhoused in total. 

That discrepancy in large part is due to New York City’s unique “right to shelter” protections that require the city to house anyone who requests it. The Adams istration A settlement in March sets stricter limits on the time adult migrants can stay in shelters.

“The right to shelter is absolutely fundamental to the work that DHS does,” Park said. “It's the bedrock of everything that we do.”

Over the past two years, New York City’s shelter system became a beacon to newly arriving migrants crossing the southern U.S. border in unprecedented numbers, in the absence of any meaningful federal . 

New York City saw the largest increase in homelessness of any city in the country between 2022 and 2023, according to an April report from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. And now more than 120,000 people live in the city’s vast shelter system, including more than 65,000 migrants, city officials said. 

Critics have blasted the Adams istration for strict commercial spaces. 

"The increased street homelessness count is the clear result of the istration's cruel and counterproductive shelter eviction policies," said Councilmember Shahana Hanif (D-Brooklyn), who has introduced a bill that would end the istration’s time limits on migrant shelter stays. "When we kick people out of the shelter system, it is inevitable that they will be forced to sleep on the streets and subways."